Research/Requirements sheet要求清单

The Southeast Asia duty spec

东南亚工况规范

A robot that passes its factory test in Shenzhen or Boston meets a different world at a Singapore hawker centre or a Jakarta mall. This is the duty specification we hold every robot to before we put it to work, with the number behind each line and where the number comes from.

在深圳或波士顿通过出厂测试的机器人，到了新加坡的小贩中心或雅加达的商场会遇到另一个世界。这是我们让每台机器人上岗前必须满足的工况规范，每一条都附数字及其来源。

Published 2 Oct 202627 min read65 linked sourcesSheet GC-R-002

中文版由我们自行翻译，表格、图表和来源保留英文。如有歧义，以英文版为准。

Most robot datasheets quote an operating range of 0 to 40 °C at 20 to 80% relative humidity, non-condensing. Southeast Asia sits in the top corner of that envelope every afternoon, and "condensing" is the daily case for any robot that rolls from an air-conditioned lobby into a loading bay. The five cities we work in share one climate, one voltage, two plug families, five languages and a building stock that was designed around wheelchairs, trolleys and cleaners' carts. None of that is in a datasheet. This sheet puts it in one place.

We wrote it for three readers. A robot maker who wants to sell here and would rather learn the environment from a document than from a warranty claim. A buyer who needs a checklist to hand to a vendor. And ourselves, because every line below is a test we run before a robot goes on a site under our name.

How to read the sheet

Section 09 is the requirements sheet itself: 24 numbered lines, each with a requirement, the number behind it and the test we use. Sections 01 to 08 are the evidence. Numbers carry a mark: verified when read on a regulator, standards body or met service page, reported when they come from press or a vendor, estimate when we computed or inferred them.

01The climate envelope

All five cities are within 14 degrees of the equator. The daily pattern is the same from Singapore to Bangkok: a warm night near 25 °C, an afternoon near 32 to 34 °C, humidity that rarely drops below 60% and sits above 85% from midnight to dawn, and a thunderstorm on roughly one afternoon in two during the wet months. The variation between cities is smaller than the variation between a lobby and a car park in any one of them.

CityMean daily maxMean daily minMean humidityRain a yearRain daysRecord highBasis
Singapore30.5 to 32.4 °C24.3 to 25.7 °C82%2,113 mm17137.0 °CMSS normals8 verified
Kuala Lumpur32.9 °C24.4 °C81%2,847 mm16738.5 °CWMO normals13 reported
Jakarta32.5 °Cabout 24.8 °C81%1,933 mm11837.9 °CWMO normals14 reported
Ho Chi Minh City33.0 °C24.9 °C78%1,970 mm12140.0 °CQCVN 02:200915 reported
Bangkok33.7 °C25.4 °C73%1,702 mm10541.0 °CWMO normals16 reported

Singapore's figures are the Changi climate station's 1991 to 2020 normals; its pre-dawn humidity averages 93 to 97%, and the record was set at Tengah in 1983 and tied at Ang Mo Kio on 13 May 2023. Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta and Bangkok are WMO 1991 to 2020 normals as reproduced in reference tables, and Ho Chi Minh City comes from the Vietnamese building code QCVN 02:2009.8 Bangkok's hottest day in a typical year reaches 38.4 °C, and its record was set on 7 May 2023.16 Singapore's highest measured heat stress, a wet-bulb globe temperature of 35.0 °C, came on 31 October 2025 at Sentosa, in a year with 29 high heat stress days.10 verified

Two numbers matter more than the averages. The first is the record maximum, because the robot's electronics and battery meet it on a loading dock, under a skylight or in a parked van. The second is the night-time humidity, because a robot that charges overnight in an unconditioned store room spends eight hours at 90% humidity and then warms up at dawn.

Haze

Every few years, forest fires in Sumatra and Kalimantan put smoke over Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta for weeks. The worst episode pushed Singapore's 24-hour Pollutant Standards Index to 322 on 25 September 2015, in a season with ten unhealthy episodes, the longest lasting 164 hours,11 and haze was back at unhealthy levels across the island on 15 September 2026.12 verified for 2015, reported for 2026. Fine particles clog filters, coat lidar windows and cameras, and settle on fans. A robot specified for clean indoor air meets, for those weeks, air that would be rejected at the factory gate.

02Condensation, the daily failure nobody tests

Interiors in the region are cooled to 22 to 24 °C. Outside, a typical afternoon is 32 °C at 80% humidity, and the dew point of that air is about 28 °C estimate. A robot that has sat in the lobby for an hour has a skin temperature of about 23 °C. When it crosses the threshold, every surface it owns is 5 °C below the dew point of the air around it, and water forms on it at once: on the camera windows, inside the lidar hood, on the circuit boards behind every vent, and on the connector pins. The water dries off in about twenty minutes. The residue, salts and dust carried in the film, stays and corrodes.

Dew point of outdoor air against the temperature of a robot that has been indoors 10 °C 15 20 25 30 35 °C indoor air, dew point 15 °C robot skin 23 °C 70% RH, 25.8 °C 80%, 28.1 °C 90%, 30.1 °C outdoor air 32 °C 5 °C below dew point: water forms at once Dew point from the Magnus formula (a = 17.62, b = 243.12 °C). Indoor case 23 °C at 60% RH. Outdoor case 32 °C at 70, 80 and 90% RH.
Fig 1A robot cooled to 23 °C indoors crosses into 32 °C outdoor air whose dew point is 26 to 30 °C. Every surface on it is below the dew point, so condensation is certain, with no rain and no splash. estimate

The standards have a word for this air. At 32 °C and 85% humidity it holds 28.6 g of water per cubic metre, above the 25 g ceiling of class 3K3 in IEC 60721-3-3, the weather-protected class most indoor electronics are specified to.18 estimate against a reported class limit.

The relevant test exists. IEC 60068-2-30 is a damp heat cyclic test that holds the equipment at 25 °C, raises it to 40 or 55 °C at 95% humidity over 12 hours and brings it back down, repeated, with condensation on the sample as a stated feature of the test verified.1 Few service robot datasheets mention it. We ask for it, and if the maker has no report we run two cycles ourselves before a robot is accepted.

The design answers are known from outdoor telecoms and marine electronics: conformal coating on every board, sealed and gold-plated connectors, breathable membrane vents so the enclosure breathes without letting liquid in, heated or hydrophobic camera and lidar windows, and a boot routine that waits for the optics to clear before the robot trusts them.

03Rain, wash-downs and wet floors

Singapore has about 176 lightning days a year, among the highest counts in the world verified.2 The storms that bring the lightning bring rain at rates above 100 mm an hour. Changi's records are 147 mm in 60 minutes and 96 mm in 30 minutes, both on 2 November 1995,9 verified western Singapore took 161.4 mm in three hours on 17 April 2021,3 and Kuala Lumpur's city centre gauge recorded over 114 mm in an hour on 15 October 2024.17 reported An outdoor delivery robot caught by one of these storms is not in drizzle. It is under a water load that a garden hose cannot reproduce.

Indoors is wetter than makers expect. Hawker centres and wet markets are hosed down daily. Mall atriums have planters that are watered at night. Hospital corridors are mopped on a schedule. Floors are polished homogeneous tile, which is near frictionless when wet, and drains have gratings with slots wide enough to trap a small castor.

Ingress protection ratings against what the region throws at a robot IP ladder IP54 dust protected splashes from any side a mopped corridor a hosed hawker floor, if the hose misses the robot indoor minimum IP65 dust tight 6.3 mm jet, 12.5 L/min a wash-down hose a sheltered walkway in a monsoon squall covered outdoor minimum IP67 dust tight 1 m immersion, 30 min a flash flood a drain the robot did not see open-air robots what hits it 100+ mm/h rain in a storm 161 mm in 3 h 17 Apr 2021 176 lightning days a year IP code meanings from IEC 60529. The second digit is the water rating: 4 splashing, 5 jets, 6 powerful jets, 7 temporary immersion.
Fig 2The IP rating we require depends on where the robot works. IEC 60529 defines the code; the region defines the water. verified4

What the market ships, from the makers' own manuals. Pudu's CC1 cleaning robot is IPX4, rated 1 to 40 °C at up to 85% humidity, and cleared for a 20 mm obstacle and a 35 mm gap.19 Its BellaBot Pro delivery robot is IP20, indoor only, with the instruction "do not use the robot in a humid environment".20 Gausium's Phantas is IPX3, rated to 45 °C but only to 75% humidity, and its manual says not to use it outdoors on rainy days; the Scrubber 50 carries the same 75% ceiling.2122 Avidbots' Neo 2 and Unitree's Go2 stop at 35 °C,2324 and Unitree publishes no ingress rating for the Go2 or the G1, whose manuals say they are not waterproof.25 Boston Dynamics' Spot, the outdoor reference, is IP54 and rated to 55 °C.26 Set those against the climate table: Singapore's monthly mean humidity never drops below 80%, and Bangkok passes 35 °C on an ordinary hot day. Most of these machines are specified for an air-conditioned floor, and that is where they should stay until the maker's test report says otherwise. verified, G1 reported

04Heat inside the robot

The battery is the part that ages fastest in the tropics. Sitting hot is the mechanism, more than cycling. Sandia's accelerated life tests put the activation energy of capacity fade at about 50 to 55 kJ/mol,27 which works out to a pack at 35 °C ageing roughly twice as fast as one at 25 °C, and one at 45 °C roughly four times as fast. estimate Battery University's widely cited storage table says the same in plainer numbers: a full lithium-ion pack keeps about 80% of its capacity after a year at 25 °C and about 65% at 40 °C.28 reported A pack that keeps 80% of its capacity for four years in a 25 °C warehouse reaches the same point in about two in a 35 °C store room, estimate and the robot that charges in that store room at night loses capacity faster still, because charging hot is the worst case for lithium cells. Unitree's G1 refuses to charge above a battery temperature of 50 °C.25

Compute throttles. The embedded computers in service robots are specified to 40 or 50 °C ambient at the heatsink, and they reach that inside a sealed enclosure in a 33 °C room with the fans fighting dust filters. When they throttle, perception frame rates drop and the robot slows or stops with no fault code, which reads to the site as "the robot is lazy in the afternoon". We log board temperature with every fault for this reason.

Charging has rules. Singapore's Fire Code treats stored lithium energy above 20 kWh as an energy storage system, with fire-rated compartments, denser sprinklers and ventilation, and a cap of 600 kWh per compartment,29 reported and the Ministry of Home Affairs confirmed in January 2026 that workplaces storing and charging larger quantities of lithium batteries fall under those provisions.30 verified A fleet of 47 humanoid packs at 421 Wh each crosses the 20 kWh line, estimate and whether a robot charging bay counts as an energy storage system is not settled in anything we have read. The practical requirement is a charger that stays under 45 °C at the cell during a full charge in a 35 °C room, and a dock in a ventilated space, not a cleaner's cupboard.

05Power and the grid

All five countries run 220 to 240 V at 50 Hz, which is the easy part. The plugs differ: Singapore and Malaysia use the British Type G, Indonesia the European C and F, Vietnam A, C and F, and Thailand C, F and its own Type O.31 reported, because the IEC's own plug reference refused our reads.5 A dock shipped with the wrong lead is a week lost, so we specify an IEC C14 inlet on every dock and carry the leads.

CountryMainsPlugsOutage minutes per customer, 2024Source for the outage figure
Singapore230 V, 50 HzG0.26, with 0.006 interruptionsEnergy Market Authority sustainability report32 reported
Malaysia230 V, 50 HzG47.9TNB annual report, Peninsular distribution33 reported
Indonesia230 V, 50 HzC, F320, with 3.2 interruptionsPLN, via ANTARA34 reported
Vietnam220 V, 50 HzA, C, Fabout 231 nationallyEVN year-end review35 reported
Thailand220 V, 50 HzC, F, O15.1 in Bangkok, with 0.51 interruptionsMetropolitan Electricity Authority36 reported

Grid quality is the real difference between the cities. A dock in Jakarta sees roughly twenty times the outage minutes of one in Bangkok and over a thousand times Singapore's. estimate The outages that matter are the big ones. Northern Vietnam's rolling cuts in May and June 2023 cost about US$1.4 billion by the World Bank's early estimate,37 Bali went dark island-wide on 2 May 2025,38 and a Sumatra blackout from 22 to 26 May 2026 took out eight provinces, with Medan off for about 19 hours.39 reported A robot that loses its dock in a brownout must restart its charge without a human, and a fleet that loses the building's Wi-Fi for twenty minutes must keep working from what it has cached.

Lightning is a power problem too. With 176 lightning days a year in Singapore and similar counts up the peninsula, surges on the mains and on long Ethernet runs are routine. We require surge protection on the dock's mains input and on any wired network port, and we have replaced enough dead chargers to know why.

06The building: lifts, doors, ramps and floors

Singapore's Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment 2019 sets the dimensions a robot inherits, because buildings are built to it and a robot that fits a wheelchair's space fits the building. The lift designated for wheelchair users must have an internal car of at least 1200 mm wide by 1400 mm deep, a clear door opening of at least 900 mm, grab bars on three sides at 800 to 900 mm, and call buttons mounted 900 to 1200 mm above the floor and at least 350 mm from any wall verified.6 The lobby in front of it must have a clear space of 1200 by 1500 mm.6 For building plans submitted from 1 November 2025 the 2025 edition deepens the car to 1500 mm, widens accessible gates to 900 mm and makes shelter over accessible routes mandatory where sheltered walkways exist.41 verified

Plan view of a robot inside the minimum accessible lift car robot 600 × 800 one person 1200 min 1400 min door 900 clear grab bars 800 to 900 high robot ≤ 1300 high call buttons 900 to 1200 high grab bar 800 to 900 floor 1300 plan elevation Code on Accessibility 2019, clauses 4.9.2.1, 4.9.3.1, 4.8.3.1 and 4.9.4.1. Robot envelope is ours, drawn to scale.
Fig 3A robot with a 600 by 800 mm footprint and a height under 1300 mm fits the minimum accessible lift car of the 2019 code with one person beside it, clears the 900 mm door, and reaches the buttons without an arm by talking to the lift instead. Cars in buildings planned from November 2025 are 100 mm deeper. verified dimensions, estimate envelope

Three consequences follow. A robot that must ride lifts needs a footprint near 600 by 800 mm and a height under 1300 mm so that one person can still share the car. It should never share a car with a wheelchair user, because the 1200 by 1400 minimum leaves no room; the robot waits. And it should not press buttons at all. Singapore's standard SS 713:2025 defines how a robot talks to a lift or a door over a network, promoted from the earlier Technical Reference TR 93 verified,7 and a growing share of new buildings in the region install lifts that support it. We specify SS 713 support as a requirement for any robot that works across floors.

Ramps in the code run at 1:12 for at most 6 m between landings, gentler for longer runs, with 1,200 mm minimum width and a cross fall no steeper than 1:40; kerb ramps may be 1:10; a level change of up to 15 mm may be a 1:2 lip, and gratings on accessible routes must be flush with gaps of 12 mm or less.40 Doorway clear openings are 850 mm, lift doors 900 mm, and accessible routes 1,200 mm wide in most buildings and 1,800 mm in malls, MRT stations, hawker centres and hospitals, with an 1,800 by 1,800 mm passing space where narrower.40 verified Singapore has also built 186 km of covered walkways since 2013, with 50 km more planned around MRT stations,42 which is the covered outdoor duty in the sheet. Floors are the problem that no code solves: homogeneous tile with a thin film of water has a low enough friction that a robot braking at 1 m/s slides, so we require a wet-tile braking test on every drive wheel compound.

07Networks

Every robot we deploy has a cellular modem, because site Wi-Fi is the most common single point of failure in a fleet and the least likely to be fixed by the site. The bands differ by country and operator, and a modem bought for China or Europe may not cover them.

Country5G bands in useWho runs themMedian mobile speed, Aug 2026
Singaporen78 (3.5 GHz) with 100 MHz each to two networks, n1 (2.1 GHz) for standalone 5G, 26 and 28 GHz assigned43 reportedSingtel; the M1 and StarHub consortium164 down, 22 up51
Malaysian78 at 3.3 to 3.5 GHz, 200 MHz on the national wholesale network since U Mobile left it on 30 June 202644 verifiedCelcomDigi, Maxis and YTL on DNB; U Mobile on its own standalone network since August 202545165 down, 24 up
Indonesian28 (700 MHz) and n41 (2.6 GHz), auctioned July 2026 with 51% population coverage due by 2029; earlier 5G on 2.1 and 2.3 GHz46 reportedTelkomsel, Indosat, XLSmart66 down, 20 up
Vietnamn41 (2.5 to 2.6 GHz) nationwide since October 2024; 3.7 to 3.8 GHz; and 3.8 to 3.9 GHz, which sits outside n78 so the modem needs n774748 reportedViettel; VNPT; MobiFone220 down, 40 up
Thailandn28 (700 MHz), n41 (2.6 GHz) and n258 (26 GHz) from the 2020 auction; 850, 1500, 2100 and 2300 MHz added in 202549 reportedAIS; True134 down, 25 up
All fiveWi-Fi in the 6 GHz band is allowed in the lower 500 MHz, 5,925 to 6,425 MHz, in every country on the Wi-Fi Alliance's list, with one conflicting 2024 note on Vietnam.50 verified A regional robot modem's LTE list looks like the BellaBot Pro's: FDD bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20 and 28 and TDD bands 34, 38 and 40.20Mbps, Ookla medians

Ookla medians come from user-run tests and sit several times above passive averages, which put Thailand's and Indonesia's operators near 30 to 40 Mbps down. Upload is the binding number for any robot that streams video to a remote operator, and it is 20 to 40 Mbps at the median everywhere.

Three registration rules bite a fleet. Thailand caps SIMs at five per individual and makes holders of more re-verify or lose service, so fleet SIMs go on a company account.52 reported Vietnam, from 15 April 2026, suspends a SIM's outbound service within two hours of it appearing in a different device until the holder passes facial biometric verification, with no machine-to-machine exemption we could find,53 verified so moving a SIM between robots is a support ticket. Indonesia blocks cellular handsets whose IMEI is not registered; whether an embedded robot modem is covered is not stated in what we read.54 reported The design requirement is a modem that covers the LTE and 5G bands of at least two operators in each country, a SIM that can be swapped without opening the chassis, and firmware that keeps the robot working from a local map and a local task queue for at least 30 minutes with no network at all.

08People, languages and wages

The five countries have five national languages: English, Malay, Chinese and Tamil in Singapore; Malay in Malaysia; Indonesian; Vietnamese; Thai. English carries business in Singapore and Malaysia and is a second language elsewhere. A robot that greets, warns and asks for help must do so in the language of the cleaner on the night shift, who is the person who will rescue it. On the EF English Proficiency Index 2025, Malaysia ranks 24th of 123 countries, Vietnam 64th, Indonesia 80th and Thailand 116th; Singapore is treated as native English and is no longer ranked.55 reported Even in Singapore, English became the most common language at home only at the 2020 census, at 48%.56 Google and Microsoft cover Malay, Indonesian, Thai and Vietnamese in both speech synthesis and recognition, Amazon transcribes all four but speaks none of them, and ElevenLabs lacks Thai in its main models.57585960 verified We require the robot's spoken and on-screen phrases to be editable by us, in each language, without a firmware release.

Wages set the price a robot has to beat. Singapore's cleaning wage floor from 1 July 2026 is S$2,080 a month for a general cleaner and S$2,700 for a machine operator.61 verified Malaysia's minimum wage is RM1,700 a month, about S$520.62 Jakarta's 2026 provincial minimum is Rp5,729,876, about S$450;63 Vietnam's region I minimum, which covers Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi, is VND 5,310,000, about S$270;64 and Bangkok's daily minimum is THB 400, about S$420 a month at 26 days.65 reported, conversions estimate at rough October 2026 rates. A cleaning robot that needs a half-hour of human attention a day has consumed a fifth of the saving it was bought for in Singapore, and all of it in Jakarta. That is why the service lines in the sheet below carry as much weight as the environmental ones.

09The requirements sheet

Each line is a requirement a robot must meet, the number behind it, and the test we run or the document we ask for. "Covered outdoor" means sheltered walkways, car parks and loading bays. "Open air" means footpaths and parks.

Environment

  • DS-01 Heat

    Operate continuously at 38 °C ambient and survive 50 °C storage. Bangkok's hottest day in a typical year is 38.4 °C, the five records run from 37.0 to 41.0 °C, and surfaces in sun run hotter. Test: 8 hours at 38 °C in a chamber, full duty cycle, no throttling below 80% speed.

  • DS-02 Humidity

    Operate at 95% relative humidity, condensing. Night humidity above 85% across the region. Test: IEC 60068-2-30, two cycles of 25 to 40 °C at 95% RH; robot boots and localises within 5 minutes after each cycle.

  • DS-03 Transitions

    Cross from a 22 °C interior to 32 °C and 85% RH outdoor air ten times a day without a fault. Dew point of the outdoor air is 28 °C. Test: ten cold-to-warm transitions in one day; cameras and lidar must report clear within 3 minutes of each.

  • DS-04 Water, indoor

    IP54 minimum for any robot that works on floors that are mopped or hosed. Hawker centres, wet markets and hospital corridors are washed daily. Test: IEC 60529 second digit 4, plus a drive through a 5 mm film of water for 10 minutes.

  • DS-05 Water, covered outdoor

    IP65 minimum on sheltered walkways, loading bays and car parks. Wind-driven rain at over 100 mm/h. Test: IEC 60529 second digit 5 on the assembled robot, not on the enclosure alone.

  • DS-06 Water, open air

    IP67 on the drive, battery and compute modules for footpath and park robots. Flash floods and unseen drains. Test: IEC 60529 second digit 7 on the sealed modules, documented by the maker.

  • DS-07 Dust and haze

    Dust-protected enclosures with filters that can be changed on site in under 5 minutes. Haze episodes push fine particles to hazardous levels for weeks. Test: filter access with no tools; optics have a wipe routine or a hydrophobic coating.

  • DS-08 Corrosion

    Conformal coating on all boards; stainless or coated fasteners; no bare aluminium contact pairs. Salt air within 2 km of the coast covers most of Singapore and all of the Jakarta and Ho Chi Minh City waterfronts. Test: board inspection and a 48 hour salt-fog exposure on a sample chassis.

  • DS-09 Lightning

    Surge protection on the dock mains input and on every wired network port. 176 lightning days a year in Singapore. Test: surge arrestor part numbers in the dock's bill of materials.

Power

  • DS-10 Mains

    Dock accepts 180 to 264 V at 50 Hz through an IEC C14 inlet. 220 to 240 V nominal across all five countries, with sags in Indonesia and Vietnam. Test: charge at 190 V and at 250 V; no fault, no derating beyond 10%.

  • DS-11 Outages

    Resume charging without human action after a power cut of any length; keep the robot's task queue through a cut. Grid interruptions are a monthly event outside Singapore. Test: pull the dock's plug mid-charge for 10 minutes, then restore.

  • DS-12 Battery heat

    Cell temperature stays below 45 °C through a full charge in a 35 °C room; charging pauses above that. Ageing roughly doubles for every 10 °C, and a pack at 45 °C ages about four times as fast as one at 25 °C. Test: thermocouple on the pack during a charge in a 35 °C chamber.

  • DS-13 Battery life

    80% of rated capacity after 1,000 cycles at 35 °C, with the test report. Tropical ageing runs ahead of datasheet life. Test: the maker's cycle data at 35 °C or above, or a 90 day fleet capacity log.

Building

  • DS-14 Lift envelope

    Footprint within 600 by 800 mm and height within 1300 mm for any robot that rides lifts. Minimum accessible lift car is 1200 by 1400 mm with grab bars on three sides. Test: tape measure; the robot and one adult share the minimum car.

  • DS-15 Lift and door integration

    SS 713:2025 robot-to-infrastructure communications for any robot that works across floors. Robots do not press buttons. Test: the maker names the lift and door controllers it has integrated with, and the robot rides a lift unassisted on site.

  • DS-16 Gradient

    Climb and brake on a 1:12 ramp for 6 m at full payload, take a 1:10 kerb ramp, and cross a 15 mm lip. The accessibility code's ramp, kerb ramp and level-change limits. Test: ramp, kerb and threshold on the site walk.

  • DS-17 Wet floor

    Stop within 1.5 m from 1 m/s on wet homogeneous tile. Polished tile with a water film is the regional floor. Test: braking distance on a wetted tile at the depot.

  • DS-18 Drains and gaps

    Castors and drive wheels cross a 35 mm grating slot and a 20 mm obstacle without trapping. The code limits gaps on accessible routes to 12 mm, but back-of-house drains and hawker washing bays are wider; Pudu rates its CC1 for a 35 mm gap and a 20 mm obstacle, which is the bar. Test: a grating sample at the depot.

Network and data

  • DS-19 Cellular

    Modem covers the LTE and 5G bands of at least two operators in each deployment country; SIM accessible without opening the chassis. Bands differ by country and operator. Test: band list against the table in section 07; a live attach on each operator.

  • DS-20 Offline

    Works from a local map and task queue for 30 minutes with no network; recovers without a reboot. Site Wi-Fi fails more often than the robot. Test: block the robot's traffic for 30 minutes mid-task.

  • DS-21 Data residency

    Video and audio stay in the deployment country unless the site agrees in writing; the maker's remote access is logged and can be switched off by the operator. Five data protection laws, all of which treat camera footage as personal data. Test: network capture of a working robot for 24 hours; every destination accounted for.

People and service

  • DS-22 Language

    Spoken and on-screen phrases editable in English, Malay, Indonesian, Vietnamese, Thai and Chinese without a firmware release. The night-shift cleaner rescues the robot. Test: change a phrase in each language and hear it on the robot.

  • DS-23 Field repair

    Battery, drive wheel, bumper, castor and the top three failing modules swap on site in under 30 minutes with hand tools; fault codes readable without the maker's cloud. Attention time eats the wage saving. Test: a timed swap of each module by our technician.

  • DS-24 Spares

    Spares for every DS-23 module held in the deployment country, with a 48 hour replacement commitment in writing. Shipping a wheel from Shenzhen takes a week plus customs. Test: the spares list and the stock location on the contract.

What this sheet is for

A maker reading it knows what to build and what to test before the first container ships. A buyer can paste it into a tender. We publish it because the alternative is learning each line from a warranty claim, which is what the region has done so far. If you have a number that corrects one of ours, write to us and we will change it and credit you.

Sources

  1. IEC 60068-2-30:2005, Environmental testing, Test Db: Damp heat, cyclic (12 h + 12 h cycle)IEC
  2. Weather systems: lightning, Meteorological Service Singaporeread 2 Oct 2026
  3. Singapore: flash floods after 161.4 mm of rain in western Singapore, 17 April 2021FloodList, citing PUB
  4. IEC 60529:1989+AMD1:1999+AMD2:2013, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)IEC
  5. World plugs, by countryIEC
  6. Briefing on accessibility requirements for lifts, Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment 2019, clauses 4.8 and 4.9BCA, April 2024
  7. Robotics standards in Singapore, including SS 713:2025 robot-to-infrastructure communicationsNational Robotics Programme
  8. Climate of Singapore, 1991 to 2020 normals, Meteorological Service Singaporepage dated 21 Aug 2024
  9. Historical extremes, Meteorological Service Singaporeupdated 13 Aug 2026
  10. Annual Climate Assessment Report 2025, Meteorological Service SingaporeApr 2026
  11. Annual Climate Assessment Report 2015, Meteorological Service SingaporeMar 2016
  12. Haze: PSI in the unhealthy range across Singapore, CNA15 Sep 2026
  13. Kuala Lumpur, climate table reproducing WMO 1991 to 2020 normalsread 2 Oct 2026
  14. Jakarta, climate table reproducing 1991 to 2020 normalsread 2 Oct 2026
  15. Ho Chi Minh City, climate table reproducing QCVN 02:2009read 2 Oct 2026
  16. Bangkok, climate table reproducing WMO 1991 to 2020 normalsread 2 Oct 2026
  17. DBKL: heavy rainfall of 114 mm an hour cause of flash floods across Kuala Lumpur, Malay Mail15 Oct 2024
  18. IEC 60721-3-3:1994, classification of environmental conditions, stationary use at weather-protected locations (sample)
  19. Pudu CC1 product introduction and specifications, Pudu Academyread 2 Oct 2026
  20. BellaBot Pro user guide V1.0, PuduJun 2024
  21. Phantas user manual V1.1, Gausium21 Jun 2024
  22. Scrubber 50 user manual V4.1, GausiumMar 2025
  23. Neo 2 technical specifications, Avidbots
  24. Go2 user manual V1.0, Unitree
  25. G1 user manual, Unitree2025
  26. Spot specifications, Boston DynamicsOct 2020
  27. Accelerated life testing of lithium-ion cells, SAND2002-3201J, Sandia National Laboratories2002
  28. BU-808: How to prolong lithium-based batteries, Battery University
  29. What fire safety managers need to know about energy storage systems, SCDF seminar29 Jul 2025
  30. Fire safety standards for workplaces that store and charge larger quantities of lithium-ion batteries, Ministry of Home Affairs13 Jan 2026
  31. Mains electricity by countryread 2 Oct 2026
  32. Annual sustainability report 2024/25, Energy Market Authority
  33. Integrated annual report 2024, Tenaga Nasional
  34. PLN records a fall in outage duration and frequency in 2024, ANTARA2025
  35. EVN 2024 business and customer service review, Năng lượng Việt Nam2025
  36. Reliability indices, Metropolitan Electricity Authority, Bangkok
  37. Power outages cost Vietnam US$1.4 billion, World Bank, VnExpressAug 2023
  38. Bali hit by island-wide power outage, CNN2 May 2025
  39. 2026 Sumatra blackoutread 2 Oct 2026
  40. Code on Accessibility in the Built Environment 2019, BCAtables 3, 4, 5 and clauses 3.6.1, 4.1.2.1, 4.4.2.1
  41. Circular APPBCA-2025-07, launch of the Code on Accessibility 2025, BCA7 Apr 2025
  42. Written reply on extending covered linkways around MRT stations, Ministry of Transport8 Apr 2025
  43. Singapore operators secure additional spectrum for 5G, RCR Wireless29 Nov 2021
  44. DNB doubles spectrum capacity as U Mobile offboards, Developing Telecoms2 Jul 2026
  45. U Mobile completes transition to its own 5G network, The Star1 Jul 2026
  46. Indonesia 700 MHz and 2.6 GHz spectrum allocation finalised, GMA LabsJul 2026
  47. Vietnam's accelerated 5G rollout, Telecom Review Asia2025
  48. MobiFone wins the auction for 5G spectrum, Viet Nam NewsJul 2024
  49. Thailand raises more than THB 100 billion in 5G spectrum auction, TelecompaperFeb 2020
  50. Countries enabling Wi-Fi in 6 GHz, Wi-Fi Allianceread 2 Oct 2026
  51. Speedtest Global Index, Singapore and the other four countriesAug 2026
  52. Thailand brings in stronger ID verification measures, Biometric UpdateNov 2025
  53. Biometric verification required for mobile device changes from April 15, VietnamPlus10 Apr 2026
  54. How to register an IMEI in Indonesia, 2026 update, Noble Asia
  55. EF English Proficiency Index 2025Nov 2025
  56. Census 2020: more Singaporeans speak English at home, Seasia23 Feb 2024
  57. Supported voices and languages, Google Cloud Text-to-Speechread 2 Oct 2026
  58. Language support, Azure Speechread 2 Oct 2026
  59. Available voices, Amazon Polly, and supported languages, Amazon Transcriberead 2 Oct 2026
  60. Text to speech language support, ElevenLabsread 2 Oct 2026
  61. Progressive Wage Model for the cleaning sector, Ministry of Manpowerread 2 Oct 2026
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  63. UMP and UMSP DKI Jakarta 2026, Hukumonline2026
  64. Vietnam's new minimum wage from 1 January 2026, Vietnam BriefingNov 2025
  65. Thailand raises the minimum wage for Bangkok from 1 July 2025, BDOJun 2025

多数机器人产品手册标注的工作范围是 0 到 40 °C、相对湿度 20% 到 80%、无凝露。东南亚每天下午都处在这个范围的顶角，而对任何一台从空调大堂驶入装卸区的机器人来说，"凝露"是每天都发生的事。我们工作的五座城市共享同一种气候、同一种电压、两类插头、五种语言，以及一套围绕轮椅、手推车和清洁车设计的建筑存量。这些都不在产品手册里。这份规范把它们写在一处。

我们为三类读者写下它。想在这里销售的机器人厂商，他们更愿意从一份文件而非一张保修单里了解环境。需要一份清单交给供应商的买家。还有我们自己，因为下面每一条都是机器人以我们的名义进入场地之前要跑的测试。

如何阅读这份规范

第 09 节是规范本身：24 条编号要求，每条给出要求、依据的数字和我们使用的测试。第 01 到 08 节是证据。数字带有标注：在监管机构、标准机构或气象部门页面上读到的为verified；来自媒体或厂商的为reported；我们自己计算或推断的为estimate。

01气候包络

五座城市都在赤道 14 度以内。从新加坡到曼谷，每天的规律一样：夜间约 25 °C，午后 32 到 34 °C，湿度很少低于 60%，午夜到黎明高于 85%，雨季大约每两个下午就有一场雷暴。城市之间的差异，小于同一座城市里大堂和停车场之间的差异。

CityMean daily maxMean daily minMean humidityRain a yearRain daysRecord highBasis
Singapore30.5 to 32.4 °C24.3 to 25.7 °C82%2,113 mm17137.0 °CMSS normals8 verified
Kuala Lumpur32.9 °C24.4 °C81%2,847 mm16738.5 °CWMO normals13 reported
Jakarta32.5 °Cabout 24.8 °C81%1,933 mm11837.9 °CWMO normals14 reported
Ho Chi Minh City33.0 °C24.9 °C78%1,970 mm12140.0 °CQCVN 02:200915 reported
Bangkok33.7 °C25.4 °C73%1,702 mm10541.0 °CWMO normals16 reported

新加坡的数据来自樟宜气候站 1991 至 2020 年的气候平均值，黎明前湿度平均 93% 到 97%，最高气温纪录 1983 年在登加创下，2023 年 5 月 13 日在宏茂桥追平。8 吉隆坡、雅加达和曼谷为参考表中转载的 WMO 1991 至 2020 年平均值，胡志明市来自越南建筑规范 QCVN 02:2009。曼谷在普通年份最热的一天可达 38.4 °C，纪录于 2023 年 5 月 7 日创下。16 新加坡测得的最高热应激值（湿球黑球温度 35.0 °C）出现在 2025 年 10 月 31 日的圣淘沙，当年有 29 个高热应激日。10 verified

两个数字比平均值更重要。第一个是最高气温纪录，因为机器人的电子件和电池会在装卸台、天窗下或停放的货车里遇到它。第二个是夜间湿度，因为在没有空调的储物间过夜充电的机器人，要在 90% 湿度里待八个小时，然后在黎明升温。

烟霾

每隔几年，苏门答腊和加里曼丹的林火就会让烟雾笼罩新加坡、吉隆坡和雅加达数周。最严重的一次把新加坡的 24 小时污染标准指数推到 322（2025 年 9 月 25 日），那一季有十次不健康时段，最长一次持续 164 小时，11 而 2026 年 9 月 15 日全岛烟霾再次达到不健康水平。12 2015 年数据为verified，2026 年为reported。细颗粒物会堵塞滤网，覆盖激光雷达窗口和摄像头，沉积在风扇上。按洁净室内空气设计的机器人，在那几周里面对的是在出厂检验时会被判不合格的空气。

02凝露：每天发生、却没人测试的故障

本地区的室内温度设定在 22 到 24 °C。室外典型的午后是 32 °C、80% 湿度，这种空气的露点约为 28 °C。estimate 一台在大堂待了一小时的机器人，表面温度约 23 °C。当它跨过门槛时，它的每一个表面都比周围空气的露点低 5 °C，水立刻在上面凝结：在摄像头窗口上，在激光雷达罩内，在每个通风口后面的电路板上，在接插件的针脚上。水大约二十分钟后干掉，而水膜带来的盐分和灰尘留下来，继续腐蚀。

Dew point of outdoor air against the temperature of a robot that has been indoors 10 °C 15 20 25 30 35 °C indoor air, dew point 15 °C robot skin 23 °C 70% RH, 25.8 °C 80%, 28.1 °C 90%, 30.1 °C outdoor air 32 °C 5 °C below dew point: water forms at once Dew point from the Magnus formula (a = 17.62, b = 243.12 °C). Indoor case 23 °C at 60% RH. Outdoor case 32 °C at 70, 80 and 90% RH.
Fig 1A robot cooled to 23 °C indoors crosses into 32 °C outdoor air whose dew point is 26 to 30 °C. Every surface on it is below the dew point, so condensation is certain, with no rain and no splash. estimate

标准对这种空气有专门的说法。32 °C、85% 湿度的空气每立方米含水 28.6 克，高于 IEC 60721-3-3 中 3K3 等级的 25 克上限，而 3K3 正是多数室内电子设备所依据的防护等级。18 这是以reported的等级限值做的estimate。

对应的测试是存在的。IEC 60068-2-30 是循环湿热试验：把设备保持在 25 °C，在 12 小时内升到 40 或 55 °C、95% 湿度，再降回来，反复进行，试样上出现凝露是该试验明确的一部分verified。1 很少有服务机器人的产品手册提到它。我们会索要这份报告，如果厂商没有，我们在验收前自己做两个循环。

设计上的答案在户外通信和船用电子设备行业早已成熟：所有电路板做三防涂覆，接插件密封并镀金，用透气膜通风孔让外壳呼吸而不进液体，摄像头和激光雷达窗口加热或做疏水处理，开机程序先等光学器件清晰再信任它们。

03暴雨、冲洗和湿地面

新加坡每年约有 176 个闪电日，是世界上最多的地方之一verified。2 带来闪电的风暴也带来每小时超过 100 毫米的降雨。樟宜的纪录是 60 分钟 147 毫米、30 分钟 96 毫米，都发生在 1995 年 11 月 2 日，9 verified 2021 年 4 月 17 日新加坡西部三小时降雨 161.4 毫米，3 2024 年 10 月 15 日吉隆坡市中心测站一小时降雨超过 114 毫米。17 reported 一台在这样的风暴里被困住的户外配送机器人面对的不是毛毛雨，而是一根花园水管都模拟不出来的水量。

室内比厂商想象的更湿。小贩中心和湿巴刹每天用水管冲洗，商场中庭的花坛夜间浇水，医院走廊按时拖地。地面是抛光的通体砖，湿了之后几乎没有摩擦力，排水沟的格栅缝隙宽到足以卡住小脚轮。

Ingress protection ratings against what the region throws at a robot IP ladder IP54 dust protected splashes from any side a mopped corridor a hosed hawker floor, if the hose misses the robot indoor minimum IP65 dust tight 6.3 mm jet, 12.5 L/min a wash-down hose a sheltered walkway in a monsoon squall covered outdoor minimum IP67 dust tight 1 m immersion, 30 min a flash flood a drain the robot did not see open-air robots what hits it 100+ mm/h rain in a storm 161 mm in 3 h 17 Apr 2021 176 lightning days a year IP code meanings from IEC 60529. The second digit is the water rating: 4 splashing, 5 jets, 6 powerful jets, 7 temporary immersion.
Fig 2The IP rating we require depends on where the robot works. IEC 60529 defines the code; the region defines the water. verified4

市场上在卖的产品，按厂商自己的手册：普渡 CC1 清洁机器人防护等级 IPX4，工作温度 1 到 40 °C，湿度最高 85%，可通过 20 毫米障碍和 35 毫米缝隙。19 其 BellaBot Pro 配送机器人为 IP20，仅限室内，手册写明"请勿在潮湿环境中使用"。20 高仙 Phantas 为 IPX3，耐温 45 °C 但湿度上限只有 75%，手册写明雨天不得在室外使用；Scrubber 50 的湿度上限同样是 75%。2122 Avidbots Neo 2 和宇树 Go2 的上限是 35 °C，2324 宇树没有公布 Go2 或 G1 的防护等级，两者的手册都写明不防水。25 作为户外参照的波士顿动力 Spot 为 IP54，耐温 55 °C。26 对照气候表：新加坡月平均湿度从不低于 80%，曼谷在普通的炎热日子就超过 35 °C。这些机器大多是按空调地面设计的，在厂商的测试报告另有说明之前，它们也应该留在那里。verified，G1 为reported

04机器人内部的热

电池是热带环境里老化最快的部件。老化的机理主要是高温存放，而非循环。桑迪亚国家实验室的加速寿命试验把容量衰减的活化能定在约 50 到 55 kJ/mol，27 换算下来，35 °C 下的电池老化速度约为 25 °C 的两倍，45 °C 下约为四倍。estimate Battery University 被广泛引用的存放表用更直白的数字说了同一件事：满电的锂离子电池在 25 °C 存放一年后剩余约 80% 容量，40 °C 下约 65%。28 reported 一块在 25 °C 仓库里四年后仍保持 80% 容量的电池，在 35 °C 储物间里大约两年就到同一水平，estimate 而夜里在那个储物间充电的机器人衰减更快，因为高温充电是锂电池最恶劣的工况。宇树 G1 在电池温度超过 50 °C 时拒绝充电。25

算力会降频。服务机器人里的嵌入式计算机标称散热器处 40 或 50 °C 的环境温度，而在 33 °C 房间里的密封外壳内，风扇对着积灰的滤网，它们很快就会达到这个温度。降频时感知帧率下降，机器人减速或停下，却不报任何故障码，场地方看到的是"机器人下午偷懒"。正因如此，我们在每次故障记录中都记下主板温度。

充电有规定。新加坡消防规范把 20 kWh 以上的锂电储能视为储能系统，要求防火分区、更密的喷淋和通风，每个防火分区上限 600 kWh，29 reported 内政部在 2026 年 1 月确认，存放和充电较大量锂电池的工作场所适用这些规定。30 verified 47 块 421 Wh 的人形机器人电池就跨过了 20 kWh 的门槛，estimate 而机器人充电区是否算储能系统，我们读过的资料里都没有定论。实际要求是：充电器在 35 °C 房间里完整充电时电芯温度保持在 45 °C 以下，充电桩放在通风的地方，而不是清洁工具间。

05电源与电网

五个国家都是 220 到 240 V、50 Hz，这是容易的部分。插头各不相同：新加坡和马来西亚用英式 G 型，印度尼西亚用欧式 C 和 F 型，越南用 A、C、F 型，泰国用 C、F 型和本国的 O 型。31 reported，因为 IEC 自己的插头参考页拒绝了我们的读取。5 发错电源线的充电桩意味着损失一周，所以我们规定每个充电桩使用 IEC C14 输入插座，并自备各国电源线。

CountryMainsPlugsOutage minutes per customer, 2024Source for the outage figure
Singapore230 V, 50 HzG0.26, with 0.006 interruptionsEnergy Market Authority sustainability report32 reported
Malaysia230 V, 50 HzG47.9TNB annual report, Peninsular distribution33 reported
Indonesia230 V, 50 HzC, F320, with 3.2 interruptionsPLN, via ANTARA34 reported
Vietnam220 V, 50 HzA, C, Fabout 231 nationallyEVN year-end review35 reported
Thailand220 V, 50 HzC, F, O15.1 in Bangkok, with 0.51 interruptionsMetropolitan Electricity Authority36 reported

电网质量才是城市之间真正的差别。雅加达的充电桩遇到的停电分钟数大约是曼谷的二十倍、新加坡的一千多倍。estimate 真正要紧的是大停电。2023 年 5 到 6 月越南北部的轮流限电，按世界银行的初步估计造成约 14 亿美元损失，37 2025 年 5 月 2 日巴厘岛全岛停电，38 2026 年 5 月 22 至 26 日苏门答腊大停电波及八个省，棉兰断电约 19 小时。39 reported 在停电中失去充电桩的机器人必须不靠人工重新开始充电，失去楼宇 Wi-Fi 二十分钟的机群必须靠缓存继续工作。

雷电也是电源问题。新加坡每年 176 个闪电日，半岛北上数字相近，市电和长距离以太网线上的浪涌是家常便饭。我们要求充电桩的市电输入和任何有线网口都加浪涌保护，换过足够多烧坏的充电器之后，我们知道为什么。

06建筑：电梯、门、坡道和地面

新加坡《2019 年建筑环境无障碍规范》规定了机器人要继承的尺寸，因为建筑按它建造，能放进轮椅空间的机器人就能适应建筑。供轮椅使用者的电梯轿厢内部至少 1200 毫米宽、1400 毫米深，门净宽至少 900 毫米，三面扶手高 800 到 900 毫米，呼叫按钮离地 900 到 1200 毫米、距任何墙面至少 350 毫米verified。6 电梯前厅须有 1200 × 1500 毫米的净空。6 对 2025 年 11 月 1 日起提交的建筑图纸，2025 年版规范把轿厢深度加到 1500 毫米，无障碍闸门宽度加到 900 毫米，并规定有遮盖走道的地方无障碍路线必须有遮盖。41 verified

Plan view of a robot inside the minimum accessible lift car robot 600 × 800 one person 1200 min 1400 min door 900 clear grab bars 800 to 900 high robot ≤ 1300 high call buttons 900 to 1200 high grab bar 800 to 900 floor 1300 plan elevation Code on Accessibility 2019, clauses 4.9.2.1, 4.9.3.1, 4.8.3.1 and 4.9.4.1. Robot envelope is ours, drawn to scale.
Fig 3A robot with a 600 by 800 mm footprint and a height under 1300 mm fits the minimum accessible lift car of the 2019 code with one person beside it, clears the 900 mm door, and reaches the buttons without an arm by talking to the lift instead. Cars in buildings planned from November 2025 are 100 mm deeper. verified dimensions, estimate envelope

由此得出三个结论。需要乘电梯的机器人，占地应接近 600 × 800 毫米、高度低于 1300 毫米，这样轿厢里还能容下一个人。它永远不应与轮椅使用者同乘，因为 1200 × 1400 的最小轿厢放不下两者，机器人要等下一趟。它也不应该按按钮。新加坡标准 SS 713:2025 规定了机器人通过网络与电梯或门通信的方式，由早先的技术参考 TR 93 升级而来，7 verified 本地区越来越多的新建筑安装支持它的电梯。我们把支持 SS 713 列为跨楼层工作机器人的必备要求。

规范中的坡道坡度为 1:12，两个平台之间最长 6 米，更长的坡道更平缓，最小宽度 1,200 毫米，横向坡度不陡于 1:40；路缘坡道可达 1:10；15 毫米以内的高差可做成 1:2 的台阶，无障碍路线上的格栅须与地面平齐，缝隙不超过 12 毫米。40 门洞净宽 850 毫米，电梯门 900 毫米，无障碍路线在多数建筑中宽 1,200 毫米，在商场、地铁站、小贩中心和医院中宽 1,800 毫米，较窄处须有 1,800 × 1,800 毫米的错车空间。40 verified 新加坡自 2013 年以来还修建了 186 公里有盖走道，地铁站周边另规划 50 公里，42 这就是规范中"有盖室外"工况的由来。地面是任何规范都解决不了的问题：抛光通体砖上一层水膜的摩擦力低到让以 1 米/秒行驶的机器人在刹车时打滑，因此我们要求每一种驱动轮配方都做湿砖制动测试。

07网络

我们部署的每一台机器人都带蜂窝模块，因为场地 Wi-Fi 是机群最常见的单点故障，也是场地方最不可能去修的。频段因国家和运营商而异，为中国或欧洲采购的模块可能不覆盖它们。

Country5G bands in useWho runs themMedian mobile speed, Aug 2026
Singaporen78 (3.5 GHz) with 100 MHz each to two networks, n1 (2.1 GHz) for standalone 5G, 26 and 28 GHz assigned43 reportedSingtel; the M1 and StarHub consortium164 down, 22 up51
Malaysian78 at 3.3 to 3.5 GHz, 200 MHz on the national wholesale network since U Mobile left it on 30 June 202644 verifiedCelcomDigi, Maxis and YTL on DNB; U Mobile on its own standalone network since August 202545165 down, 24 up
Indonesian28 (700 MHz) and n41 (2.6 GHz), auctioned July 2026 with 51% population coverage due by 2029; earlier 5G on 2.1 and 2.3 GHz46 reportedTelkomsel, Indosat, XLSmart66 down, 20 up
Vietnamn41 (2.5 to 2.6 GHz) nationwide since October 2024; 3.7 to 3.8 GHz; and 3.8 to 3.9 GHz, which sits outside n78 so the modem needs n774748 reportedViettel; VNPT; MobiFone220 down, 40 up
Thailandn28 (700 MHz), n41 (2.6 GHz) and n258 (26 GHz) from the 2020 auction; 850, 1500, 2100 and 2300 MHz added in 202549 reportedAIS; True134 down, 25 up
All fiveWi-Fi in the 6 GHz band is allowed in the lower 500 MHz, 5,925 to 6,425 MHz, in every country on the Wi-Fi Alliance's list, with one conflicting 2024 note on Vietnam.50 verified A regional robot modem's LTE list looks like the BellaBot Pro's: FDD bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20 and 28 and TDD bands 34, 38 and 40.20Mbps, Ookla medians

Ookla 的中位数来自用户主动测速，比被动测量的平均值高出数倍；被动测量把泰国和印度尼西亚运营商的下行速度放在 30 到 40 Mbps 附近。对任何向远程操作员传输视频的机器人来说，上行才是约束，各国中位数都在 20 到 40 Mbps。

三条登记规则会卡住机群。泰国规定每人最多五张 SIM 卡，超出者须重新验证身份，否则停止服务，所以机群 SIM 卡要登记在公司账户下。52 reported 越南自 2026 年 4 月 15 日起，SIM 卡出现在另一台设备中两小时内即暂停其外呼服务，直到持卡人通过人脸生物识别验证，我们没有找到机器对机器通信的豁免，53 verified 所以在机器人之间换 SIM 卡就是一张工单。印度尼西亚屏蔽 IMEI 未登记的蜂窝终端，嵌入机器人的通信模块是否在此列，我们读到的资料没有说明。54 reported 设计要求是：通信模块在每个国家至少覆盖两家运营商的 LTE 和 5G 频段，SIM 卡无需拆开机壳即可更换，固件能在完全断网时靠本地地图和本地任务队列至少工作 30 分钟。

08人、语言与工资

五个国家有五种国家语言：新加坡的英语、马来语、华语和泰米尔语；马来西亚的马来语；印尼语；越南语；泰语。英语在新加坡和马来西亚承担商务沟通，在其他国家是第二语言。会打招呼、会警示、会求助的机器人，必须用夜班清洁工的语言来做这些事，因为救它的就是这个人。在 2025 年 EF 英语熟练度指数中，马来西亚在 123 个国家中排第 24，越南第 64，印度尼西亚第 80，泰国第 116；新加坡被视为英语母语国家，不再参与排名。55 reported 即便在新加坡，英语也是到 2020 年人口普查才成为最常用的家庭语言，占 48%。56 谷歌和微软的语音合成与识别都覆盖马来语、印尼语、泰语和越南语，亚马逊能识别这四种语言却一种都不能合成，ElevenLabs 的主力模型缺少泰语。57585960 verified 我们要求机器人的语音和屏显文案在每种语言下都能由我们修改，而不需要发布固件。

工资决定了机器人必须击败的价格。新加坡自 2026 年 7 月 1 日起，一般清洁工的最低月薪为 2,080 新元，机器操作员为 2,700 新元。61 verified 马来西亚最低月薪 1,700 令吉，约合 520 新元。62 雅加达 2026 年省级最低工资 5,729,876 印尼盾，约合 450 新元；63 越南一类地区（覆盖胡志明市和河内）最低工资 5,310,000 越南盾，约合 270 新元；64 曼谷日最低工资 400 泰铢，按 26 天计约合每月 420 新元。65 reported，换算为 2026 年 10 月的粗略汇率，estimate。一台每天需要半小时人工照看的清洁机器人，在新加坡吃掉了采购它所省下的五分之一，在雅加达吃掉全部。这就是为什么下面规范里的服务条款和环境条款同样重要。

09要求清单

每一条是机器人必须满足的要求、背后的数字，以及我们执行的测试或索要的文件。"有盖室外"指有盖走道、停车场和装卸区。"露天"指人行道和公园。

环境

  • DS-01 高温

    在 38 °C 环境温度下连续工作，在 50 °C 下存放不损坏。曼谷普通年份最热一天 38.4 °C，五城纪录 37.0 到 41.0 °C，阳光下的表面更热。测试：38 °C 环境舱内满负荷工作 8 小时，降速不低于 80%。

  • DS-02 湿度

    在 95% 相对湿度、有凝露的条件下工作。全区夜间湿度高于 85%。测试：IEC 60068-2-30，25 到 40 °C、95% 湿度两个循环；每个循环后机器人 5 分钟内开机并完成定位。

  • DS-03 温差进出

    每天十次从 22 °C 室内进入 32 °C、85% 湿度的室外空气而不出故障。室外空气露点 28 °C。测试：一天内十次由冷到热，摄像头和激光雷达须在每次 3 分钟内恢复清晰。

  • DS-04 室内防水

    在有拖洗或冲洗地面的场所工作的机器人，至少 IP54。小贩中心、湿巴刹和医院走廊每天清洗。测试：IEC 60529 第二位数字 4，另加在 5 毫米水膜上行驶 10 分钟。

  • DS-05 有盖室外防水

    有盖走道、装卸区和停车场至少 IP65。风吹雨强度超过 100 毫米/小时。测试：IEC 60529 第二位数字 5，对整机而非仅对外壳。

  • DS-06 露天防水

    人行道和公园机器人的驱动、电池和计算模块达到 IP67。突发洪水和未被察觉的排水沟。测试：密封模块达到 IEC 60529 第二位数字 7，由厂商出具文件。

  • DS-07 灰尘与烟霾

    外壳防尘，滤网可在现场 5 分钟内更换。烟霾期间细颗粒物连续数周达到危险水平。测试：无需工具即可更换滤网；光学器件有擦拭程序或疏水涂层。

  • DS-08 腐蚀

    所有电路板三防涂覆；不锈钢或镀层紧固件；无裸铝接触对。离海岸 2 公里内的盐雾覆盖新加坡大部分地区以及雅加达和胡志明市的全部滨水区。测试：电路板检查，样机机壳 48 小时盐雾试验。

  • DS-09 雷电

    充电桩市电输入和每个有线网口都有浪涌保护。新加坡每年 176 个闪电日。测试：充电桩物料清单中的浪涌保护器型号。

电源

  • DS-10 市电

    充电桩通过 IEC C14 输入插座接受 180 到 264 V、50 Hz。五国标称 220 到 240 V，印度尼西亚和越南有电压骤降。测试：在 190 V 和 250 V 下充电，无故障，降额不超过 10%。

  • DS-11 停电

    任意时长停电后无需人工即恢复充电；停电期间保留任务队列。新加坡以外电网中断是每月都有的事。测试：充电中拔掉充电桩电源 10 分钟后恢复。

  • DS-12 电池温度

    在 35 °C 房间完整充电时电芯温度保持在 45 °C 以下，超过则暂停充电。老化速度大约每升高 10 °C 翻一倍，45 °C 的电池老化约为 25 °C 的四倍。测试：35 °C 环境舱内充电时在电池包上贴热电偶。

  • DS-13 电池寿命

    35 °C 下 1,000 次循环后保持 80% 额定容量，附测试报告。热带老化快于手册寿命。测试：厂商 35 °C 或以上的循环数据，或 90 天机群容量日志。

建筑

  • DS-14 电梯包络

    乘电梯的机器人占地不超过 600 × 800 毫米，高度不超过 1300 毫米。最小无障碍轿厢 1200 × 1400 毫米，三面有扶手。测试：卷尺实测；机器人与一名成人共乘最小轿厢。

  • DS-15 电梯与门的集成

    跨楼层工作的机器人支持 SS 713:2025 机器人与楼宇设施通信。机器人不按按钮。测试：厂商列出已对接的电梯和门控制器，机器人在现场无人协助乘梯。

  • DS-16 坡度

    满载时在 1:12 坡道上爬行并制动 6 米，通过 1:10 路缘坡道，跨过 15 毫米门槛。无障碍规范的坡道、路缘坡道和高差上限。测试：现场踏勘时实测坡道、路缘和门槛。

  • DS-17 湿地面

    在湿的通体砖上从 1 米/秒刹停距离不超过 1.5 米。带水膜的抛光砖是本地区的典型地面。测试：在仓库湿砖上测制动距离。

  • DS-18 排水沟与缝隙

    脚轮和驱动轮跨过 35 毫米格栅缝和 20 毫米障碍而不被卡住。规范把无障碍路线上的缝隙限制在 12 毫米，但后场排水沟和小贩中心冲洗区的缝隙更宽；普渡 CC1 标称可通过 35 毫米缝隙和 20 毫米障碍，以此为准。测试：仓库里的格栅样件。

网络与数据

  • DS-19 蜂窝网络

    通信模块在每个部署国家至少覆盖两家运营商的 LTE 和 5G 频段；SIM 卡无需拆开机壳即可更换。频段因国家和运营商而异。测试：频段清单对照第 07 节的表格；在每家运营商网络上实际入网。

  • DS-20 离线

    完全断网时靠本地地图和任务队列工作 30 分钟，恢复后无需重启。场地 Wi-Fi 比机器人更常出故障。测试：任务中途屏蔽机器人流量 30 分钟。

  • DS-21 数据驻留

    视频和音频留在部署国境内，除非场地书面同意；厂商的远程访问有日志记录，运营方可以关闭。五部数据保护法都把摄像头画面视为个人数据。测试：对工作中的机器人做 24 小时网络抓包，每个目的地都要有交代。

人员与服务

  • DS-22 语言

    语音和屏显文案可在英语、马来语、印尼语、越南语、泰语和中文下修改，无需发布固件。救机器人的是夜班清洁工。测试：在每种语言下修改一句话并在机器人上听到。

  • DS-23 现场维修

    电池、驱动轮、保险杠、脚轮和故障率最高的三个模块可用手工具在现场 30 分钟内更换；故障码无需厂商云端即可读取。照看时间吃掉工资节省。测试：我们的技术员对每个模块计时更换。

  • DS-24 备件

    DS-23 中每个模块的备件在部署国境内有库存，并有书面的 48 小时更换承诺。从深圳寄一个轮子要一周加清关。测试：合同上的备件清单和库存地点。

这份规范的用途

厂商读完它，就知道在第一个集装箱发出之前该造什么、该测什么。买家可以把它直接贴进招标文件。我们公开它，是因为另一种选择是从保修索赔里一条一条学，而这正是本地区至今的做法。如果你有数字能纠正我们的某一条，请来信，我们会修改并致谢。

DrawingResearch note
SheetGC-R-002
TitleThe Southeast Asia duty spec
ByGroundcrew Robotics
Published2 Oct 2026
LicenceCC BY 4.0

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